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When Line Quality Is Used in Art to Show Expression Are Made Visible

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Cloth made from condensed fibers

Samples of felt in dissimilar colors

Felt is a material cloth that is produced past matting, condensing and pressing fibers together. Felt tin can be made of natural fibers such equally wool or brute fur, or from constructed fibers such as petroleum-based acrylic or acrylonitrile or wood lurid–based rayon. Blended fibers are also common.[1] [2] [three] Natural fibre felt has special properties that let it to exist used for a broad variety of purposes. "Information technology is fire-retardant and self-extinguishing; it dampens vibration and absorbs sound; and it can hold large amounts of fluid without feeling wet..."[iv] : 10

History [edit]

Faranji is a Kurdish belong worn past men in wintertime and early bound

Felt from wool is one of the oldest known textiles.[5] Many cultures take legends as to the origins of felt making. Sumerian legend claims that the secret of feltmaking was discovered by Urnamman of Lagash.[6] The story of Saint Clement and Saint Christopher relates that the men packed their sandals with wool to prevent blisters while fleeing from persecution. At the end of their journeying, the move and sweat had turned the wool into felt socks.[7] [8]

Most likely felt's origins tin can be plant in central Asia, where there is testify of feltmaking in Siberia (Altai mountains) in Northern Mongolia and more recently bear witness dating back to the first century Advertising in Mongolia. Siberian tombs (7th to 2nd century BC) show the wide uses of felt in that civilisation, including article of clothing, jewelry, wall hangings, and elaborate horse blankets. Employing conscientious color use, stitching, and other techniques, these feltmakers were able to use felt as an illustrative and decorative medium on which they could depict abstruse designs and realistic scenes with great skill. Over fourth dimension these makers became known for the cute abstract patterns they used that were derived from plant, animal, and other symbolic designs.[iv] : 21

From Siberia and Mongolia, feltmaking spread across the areas held past the Turkic-Mongolian tribes. Sheep and camel herds were central to the wealth and lifestyle of these tribes, both of which were disquisitional to producing the fibers needed for felting. As nomads traveling oftentimes and living on fairly treeless plains, felt provided housing (yurts, tents, etc.), insulation, floor coverings, and inside walling, besides as many household necessities from bedding and coverings to clothing. In nomadic peoples, an area where feltmaking was particularly visible was in trappings for their animals and for travel. Felt was ofttimes featured in the blankets that went under saddles.[4]

Dyes provided rich coloring, and colored slices of pre-felts (semi-felted sheets that could be cut in decorative ways), along with dyed yarns and threads were combined to create beautiful designs on the wool backgrounds. Felt was even used to create totems and amulets with protective functions. In traditional societies, the patterns embedded in the felt were also imbued with significant religious and symbolic pregnant.[four] : 21–23

Feltmaking is notwithstanding practised by nomadic peoples (such as Mongols and Turkic people) in Cardinal Asia, where rugs, tents and article of clothing are regularly fabricated.[9] Some of these are traditional items, such every bit the archetype yurt (Gers),[10] while others are designed for the tourist market, such as decorated slippers.[11] In the Western world, felt is widely used every bit a medium for expression in both textile art and gimmicky art[7] and pattern, where information technology has significance as an ecologically responsible cloth and edifice textile.[12]

In addition to Cardinal Asian traditions of felting, Scandinavian countries have also supported feltmaking, particularly for clothing.[13]

Manufacturing methods [edit]

Wet felting [edit]

Wooden rolling pin used during the wet felting process

In the wet felting process, hot water is practical to layers of animal hairs, while repeated agitation and compression causes the fibers to hook together or weave together into a single slice of fabric.[14] Wrapping the properly arranged fiber in a sturdy, textured material, such every bit a bamboo mat or burlap, will speed upwards the felting process. The felted material may be finished by fulling.

Merely certain types of fiber tin exist wet felted successfully. Near types of fleece, such as those taken from the alpaca or the Merino sheep,[fifteen] tin be put through the wet felting process. One may also utilise mohair (caprine animal), angora (rabbit),[16] or pilus from rodents such every bit beavers and muskrats.[17] These types of fiber are covered in tiny scales, like to the scales found on a strand of human hair.[18] Heat, motion, and moisture of the fleece causes the scales to open, while agitating them causes them to latch onto each other, creating felt.[19] [20] In that location is an alternative theory that the fibers wind around each other during felting.[21] Constitute fibers and synthetic fibers volition not moisture felt.[22]

In guild to make multi-colored designs, felters behave a two-step process in which they create pre-felts of specialized colors—these semi-completed sheets of colored felt can and then be cut with a precipitous implement (pocketknife or pair of scissors) and the distinctive colors placed side by side to each other as in making a mosaic. The felting process is then resumed and the edges of the fabric adhere to each other as the felting process is completed. Shrdak carpets (Turkmenistan) use a form of this method wherein ii pieces of contrasting color are cut out with the same design, the cut-outs are then switched, fitting ane into the other, which makes a sharply defined and colorful patterned piece. In order to strengthen the joints of a mosaic style felt, feltmakers oftentimes add a backing layer of fleece that is felted along with the other components. Feltmakers can differ in their orientation to this added layer—where some will lay it on superlative of the pattern before felting and others will identify the design on top of the strengthening layer.[4] : 29

The process of felting was adapted to the lifestyles of the different cultures in which information technology flourished. In Primal Asia, information technology is common to conduct the rolling/friction process with the assist of a equus caballus, donkey, or camel, which volition pull the rolled felt until the procedure is complete. Alternately, a group of people in a line might roll the felt forth, kicking it regularly with their feet. Farther fulling can include throwing or slamming and working the edges with careful rolling.[iv] : 26 In Turkey, some baths had areas dedicated to feltmaking, making employ of the steam and hot water that were already nowadays for bathing.[four] : 37

Development of felting equally a profession [edit]

As felting grew in importance to a gild, so, too, did the cognition about techniques and approaches. Amateur or community felting obviously continued in many communities at the same time that felting specialists and felting centers began to develop. Withal, the importance of felting to community life can be seen in the fact that, in many Central Asian communities, felt production is directed by a leader who oversees the process every bit a ritual that includes prayers—words and actions to bring skillful luck to the process. Successfully completing the creation of felt (certainly large felt pieces) is reason for celebration, feasting, and the sharing of traditional stories.[4] : 38–xl

In Turkey, craft guilds called "ahi" came into being, and these groups were responsible for registering members and protecting the knowledge of felting. In Istanbul at ane fourth dimension, there were 1,000 felters working in 400 workshops registered in this ahi. : 33 [4]

Needle felting [edit]

Needle felting process to create modest animal figurines

Needle felting is a method of creating felted objects without using water. The special needles used to make 3D sculpture, jewelry, adornments and 2D art accept notches along the shaft of the needle that catch fibers and tangle them with other fibers to produce felt. These notches are sometimes erroneously called "barbs", simply barbs are protrusions (like spinous wire) and would be also difficult to thrust into the wool and virtually impossible to pull out. There are many sizes and types of notched needles for different uses while working. Needle felting is used in industrial processes besides as in individual crafting.

The needles used for felting are generally quite thin, and sometimes fitted in holders that allow the user to employ 2 or more needles at once to sculpt wool objects and shapes. The single thin needles are used for detail and the multiple needles that are paired together are used for larger areas or to course the base of the project. At any bespeak in time a variety of fiber colors may be added for detail and individuality, using needles to contain them into the project.

The kawaii style of needle-felting was made popular past the Japanese civilization. Kawaii means cute in Japanese and to felt in the kawaii style just ways to make the object beautiful. Most kawaii needle felt sculptures have small, minimal-detail faces and are brightly colored. They are more beautiful and playful compared to the more traditional needle felt which is more rustic and earthy.[23] [24] [25] Ikuyo Fujita（藤田育代 Fujita Ikuyo）is a Japanese artist who works primarily in needle felt painting and mogol (pipe cleaner) art.

Needle felting can also be used to create realistic 3 dimensional animals. A wire armature can be created to help the process and provide support, around which a needle felted body and coat tin can be added. The art of needle felting is becoming very popular worldwide.

More recently, needle-felting machines take become popular for art or craft felters. Similar to a sewing machine, these tools have several needles that punch fibers together equally the user pushes fibers through in a manner very similar to feeding a sewing machine. These machines tin be used past cobweb farmers & fiber artists to create felted products more efficiently.[26] The embellishment machine allows the user to create unique combinations of fibers and designs.[27]

Carroting [edit]

Invented in the mid 17th century[28] [29] and used until the mid-20th centuries, a process called "carroting" was used in the industry of good quality felt for making men'due south hats. Beaver, rabbit or hare skins were treated with a dilute solution of the mercury compound mercuric nitrate.[29] The skins were dried in an oven where the thin fur at the sides turned orange, the color of carrots.[28] Pelts were stretched over a bar in a cutting machine, and the skin was sliced off in sparse shreds, with the fleece coming away entirely.[thirty] The fur was blown onto a cone-shaped colander and then treated with hot water to consolidate it.[31] The cone then peeled off and passed through wet rollers to crusade the fur to felt. These 'hoods' were then dyed and blocked to brand hats. The toxic solutions from the carrot and the vapours information technology produced resulted in widespread cases of mercury poisoning among hatters.[28] This may be the origin of the phrase "mad equally a hatter" which was used to humorous upshot by Lewis Carroll in the affiliate "A Mad Tea Party" of the novel Alice in Wonderland.

Uses [edit]

Felt in Maymand, Kerman Province, Islamic republic of iran

Felt is used in a broad range of industries and manufacturing processes, from the automotive industry and casinos to musical instruments and home structure, equally well as in gun wadding, either inside cartridges or pushed downward the barrel of a muzzleloader. Felt was used to make a lot of things back then (ancient times) simply as of today felt has a very broad utilize when it comes to making things and it can be almost anything which is amazing. Felt will always be a part of the industries and Manufacturing process because information technology plays a huge office in everything we use/ have today.

Industrial uses [edit]

Felt is ofttimes used in manufacture equally a sound or vibration damper,[32] as a non-woven fabric for air filtration, and in mechanism for cushioning and padding moving parts.[33]

Clothing [edit]

Russian valenki with attached waterproof sole

During the 18th and 19th centuries gentlemen's top hats made from beaver felt were popular.[30] [34] [35] In the early part of the 20th century, cloth felt hats, such as fedoras, trilbies[36] and homburgs,[37] were worn by many men in the western world. Felt is oftentimes used in footwear as boot liners, with the Russian valenki being an example.[38] [39]

Musical instruments [edit]

Many musical instruments use felt. It is oftentimes used equally a damper.[40] On drum cymbal stands, it protects the cymbal from bang-up and ensures a clean sound. It is used to wrap bass drum strikers and timpani mallets.[41] Felt is used extensively in pianos; for example, pianoforte hammers are made of wool felt around a wooden core. The density and springiness of the felt is a major part of what creates a pianoforte'due south tone.[42] [43] As the felt becomes grooved and "packed" with use and historic period, the tone suffers.[44] Felt is placed under the piano keys on accordions to control touch and key dissonance; it is also used on the pallets to silence notes not sounded past preventing air flow.[45] [46] [47] Felt is used with other instruments, specially stringed instruments, equally a damper to reduce book or eliminate unwanted sounds.

Arts and crafts [edit]

Felt is used for framing paintings. It is laid between the slip mount and picture every bit a protective measure to avoid impairment from rubbing to the border of the painting. This is ordinarily establish as a preventive measure on paintings which have already been restored or professionally framed. It is widely used to protect paintings executed on diverse surfaces including canvas, wood panel and copper plate.[ citation needed ]

A felt-covered board can be used in storytelling to minor children. Small felt cutouts or figures of animals, people, or other objects volition attach to a felt board, and in the procedure of telling the story, the storyteller also acts it out on the board with the animals or people. Puppets can besides be fabricated with felt. The all-time known example of felt puppets are Jim Henson'south Muppets. Felt pressed dolls, such as Lenci dolls, were very pop in the nineteenth century and but after World War I.[ citation needed ]

Equally part of the overall renewal of interest in textile and fiber arts, beginning in the 1970s and continuing through today, felt has experienced a strong revival in involvement, including its historical roots.[4] [48] [49] Stirling is unremarkably associated with the development of nuno felting, a central technique for gimmicky art felting.[13] German artist Joseph Beuys prominently integrates felt inside his works.[seven] [fifty] English language artist Jenny Cowern shifted from traditional cartoon and painting media into using felt as her master media.[51]

Modern day felters with admission to a broad range of sheep and other animal fibers have exploited noesis of these dissimilar breeds to produce special effects in their felt. Fleece locks are classified by the Bradford or Micron count, both which designate the fineness to coarseness of the cloth. Fine wools range from 64 to 80 (Bradford); medium 40-threescore (Bradford); and coarse 36-60 (Bradford).[xiii] Merino, the finest and nigh delicate sheep fleece, volition be employed for clothing that goes next to the body.[four] : 51 Claudy Jongstra raises traditional and rare breeds of sheep with much hardier coats (Drenthe, Heath, Gotland, Schoonbeek, and Wensleydale) on her belongings in Friesland and these are used in her interior design projects.[4] : 53 Exploitation of these characteristics of the fleece in tandem with the apply of other techniques, such as stitching and incorporation of other fibers, provides felters with a wide range of possibilities[52]

See also [edit]

  • Bowler hat
  • Fuzzy felt
  • Covering felt
  • Valenki

References [edit]

  1. ^ "What's the difference between wool, acrylic, wool alloy, and eco felt? Part 1 Wool". 31 March 2009.
  2. ^ "Acrylic felt & eco- felt (I.E eco spun) same damn thing! Function ii of whats the difference between wool, acrylic, wool blend, and eco felt?". i April 2009.
  3. ^ "Wool Felt Blends- function 3 of Whats the deviation between wool, acrylic, wool blend, and eco felt?". four April 2009.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j grand fifty Brown, Susan (2009). Fashioning Felt. New York City: Smithsonian, Cooper-Hewitt, National Pattern Museum. ISBN978-0-910503-89-1.
  5. ^ Republic of chad Alice Hagen (2005). Fabled Felt Hats: Dazzling Designs from Handmade Felt. Lark Books. pp. 8–. ISBN978-1-57990-542-2.
  6. ^ Dan Howard (2011). Bronze Age Military machine Equipment. Casemate Publishers. pp. 69–. ISBN978-ane-84884-293-9.
  7. ^ a b c Chris Thompson (2011). Felt: Fluxus, Joseph Beuys, and the Dalai Lama. U of Minnesota Printing. pp. 56–. ISBN978-0-8166-5354-half-dozen.
  8. ^ The Recent Development of American Industries. University of Pennsylvania Press. 1891. pp. 63–.
  9. ^ Melvyn C. Goldstein; Cynthia Thousand. Beall (1994). The Changing Globe of Mongolia's Nomads. Academy of California Printing. pp. 147–. ISBN978-0-520-08551-0.
  10. ^ Becky Kemery (2006). Yurts: Living in the Round. Gibbs Smith. pp. 160–. ISBN978-i-58685-891-9.
  11. ^ Front Lines. U.Southward. Agency for International Development. 2006.
  12. ^ Maria Block; Varis Bokalders (9 February 2010). The Whole Edifice Handbook: "How to Design Healthy, Efficient and Sustainable Buildings". Routledge. pp. 57–. ISBN978-i-136-54328-9.
  13. ^ a b c White, Christine (2007). Uniquely felt : dozens of techniques from fulling and shaping to nuno and cobweb : includes 46 artistic projects. Due north Adams, MA: Storey Pub. ISBN978-1-58017-673-6. OCLC 141188054.
  14. ^ Forestry Leaves. 1963.
  15. ^ Sabine Fouchier (12 February 2009). Felt. A & C Black. pp. 9–. ISBN978-0-7136-8494-0.
  16. ^ Teachers World. Bemis Publishing Company. 1893. pp. 219–.
  17. ^ O. J. Petrie (1995b). Harvesting of Textile Animal Fibres. Food & Agriculture Organization. pp. 19–. ISBN978-92-5-103759-ane.
  18. ^ The Chemical News. Mitchell. 1860. pp. 257–.
  19. ^ Sarah E. White (1 January 2008). Picture Yourself Felting Your Knitting: Step-by-step Educational activity for Perfectly Felted Crafts. Course Engineering. pp. 10–. ISBN978-1-59863-665-ix.
  20. ^ Krishan Chawla (2 June 2016v). Fibrous Materials. Cambridge University Press. pp. 24–. ISBN978-ane-107-02972-9.
  21. ^ T. C. Archer (1871). "Wool: Its Industrial Applications". The Technical Educator: An Encyclopædia of Technical Education. pp. 65–.
  22. ^ Andrea Price; Patti Pierce Stone (xiii September 2011). Knitspeak: An A to Z Guide to the Language of Knitting Patterns. STC Craft, Melanie Falick Books. pp. 76–. ISBN978-1-4532-2078-8.
  23. ^ "Everything Y'all Demand to Know to Commencement Needle Felting." Wunderlabel, 22 Aug. 2017, wunderlabel.com/blog/everything-need-know-first-needle-felting.
  24. ^ Alicia Kennedy; Emily Banis Stoehrer; Jay Calderin (1 February 2013). Fashion Blueprint, Referenced: A Visual Guide to the History, Language, and Practice of Fashion. Rockport Publishers. pp. 153–. ISBN978-1-59253-677-1.
  25. ^ Wonderful West Virginia. Department of Natural Resources. 2005.
  26. ^ Freitag, Lanette. "NEEDLE-FELTING MACHINES INCREASE EFFICIENCY, PRODUCTION FOR Cobweb FARMERS". FeltLOOM. FeltLOOM. Retrieved 17 March 2022.
  27. ^ Smith, Sheila (2008). Embellish, stitch, felt : using the embellisher machine and needle-punch techniques. London: Batsford. ISBN978-1-906388-05-eight. OCLC 227279237.
  28. ^ a b c Jack Larkin (23 November 2010). Where We Worked: A Celebration of America's Workers And The Nation They Congenital. Lyons Press. pp. 95–. ISBN978-1-4617-4592-i.
  29. ^ a b Mary Ellen Snodgrass (17 March 2015). World Clothing and Manner: An Encyclopedia of History, Culture, and Social Influence. Routledge. pp. 251–. ISBN978-1-317-45167-nine.
  30. ^ a b Beverly Chico (iii October 2013). Hats and Headwear around the Earth: A Cultural Encyclopedia: A Cultural Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. pp. 309–. ISBN978-1-61069-063-8.
  31. ^ Burlingame, Roger (November 1941). "Pulling Hats Out of Rabbits". Pop Science. pp. 52–58. ISSN 0161-7370.
  32. ^ Deborah Schneiderman; Alexa Griffith Winton (28 January 2016). Cloth Technology and Design: From Interior Space to Outer Infinite. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 48–. ISBN978-1-4742-6196-8.
  33. ^ Beverly Gordon (May 1980). Feltmaking. Watson-Guptill Publications.
  34. ^ Dietland Muller-Schwarze (seven April 2011). The Beaver: Its Life and Touch. Cornell Academy Printing. pp. 156–. ISBN978-0-8014-5010-5.
  35. ^ Eric Jay Dolin (v July 2011). Fur, Fortune, and Empire: The Epic History of the Fur Merchandise in America. W. Westward. Norton. pp. 22–. ISBN978-0-393-34002-0.
  36. ^ Bernard A. Drew (22 December 2009). Literary Afterlife: The Posthumous Continuations of 325 Authors' Fictional Characters. McFarland. pp. 45–. ISBN978-0-7864-5721-2.
  37. ^ Brenda Grantland (ane June 2016). Hatatorium: An Essential Guide for Hat Collectors. Brenda Grantland. pp. 76–. ISBN978-0-9847859-0-2.
  38. ^ Russian Winter: Photo anthology. Russian federation Across The Headlines. 12 December 2014. pp. 91–. GGKEY:G7NRFZX3WQF.
  39. ^ Symposium on Antarctic Logistics, Held at Bedrock, Colorado, August 13-17, 1962. National Academies. 1963. pp. 637–. NAP:12264.
  40. ^ Ethan Winer (12 November 2012). The Audio Expert: Everything Y'all Need to Know About Audio. CRC Press. pp. 629–. ISBN978-i-136-12614-7.
  41. ^ Hugo Pinksterboer (i January 1993). The Cymbal Book. Hal Leonard. pp. 88–. ISBN978-1-4768-6639-0.
  42. ^ Steven L. Schweizer (28 June 2010). Timpani Tone and the Interpretation of Bizarre and Classical Music. Oxford University Press. pp. 13–. ISBN978-0-xix-975041-2.
  43. ^ Nicholas J. Giordano (viii September 2016). Physics of the Piano. OUP Oxford. pp. 113–. ISBN978-0-19-250663-4.
  44. ^ Robert Palmieri (ane June 2004). The Piano: An Encyclopedia. Routledge. pp. 161–. ISBN978-1-135-94964-8.
  45. ^ David C Wickens (one December 1987). The Instruments of Samuel Green. Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. 44–. ISBN978-i-349-09059-four.
  46. ^ Arthur West. J. G. Ord-Hume (1978). Barrel organ: the story of the mechanical organ and its repair. A. S. Barnes, Incorporated. ISBN978-0-498-01482-6.
  47. ^ Thomas Campbell Young (1947). The Making of Musical Instruments. Oxford University Press.
  48. ^ Cypher, Carol Huber (2007). How we felt : designs + techniques from contemporary felt artists. Loveland, CO: Interweave Printing. ISBN978-1-59668-031-ix. OCLC 82673616.
  49. ^ Bauer, Inge (2010). An-Gewand-t : ein Galeriebuch ; Filzimpressionen = Felted. Augsburg: MaroVerl. ISBN978-3-87512-757-7. OCLC 612305258.
  50. ^ Joseph Beuys; Volker Harlan (2004). What is Fine art?: Chat with Joseph Beuys. CLAIRVIEW BOOKS. pp. 65–. ISBN978-1-905570-07-two.
  51. ^ Rickerby, Valerie; Burkett, Mary (2007). A Softer Mural: The Life and Work of Jenny Cowern. Skiddaw Printing. ISBN978-0-9528356-vii-7.
  52. ^ Tellier-Loumagne, Françoise (2008). The fine art of felt : inspirational designs, textures and surfaces. London: Thames & Hudson. ISBN978-0-500-28731-6. OCLC 181139879.

General bibliography [edit]

  • E. J. W. Hairdresser. Prehistoric Textiles: The Development of Fabric in the Neolithic and Statuary Ages, with Special Reference to the Aegean. Princeton: Princeton Academy Press, 1991.
  • Lise Bender Jørgensen. North European Textiles Until Advertizement 1000. Aarchus: Aarchus University Printing, 1992.

External links [edit]

  • Media related to Felt at Wikimedia Eatables

madridsmang1936.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felt

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